Stage IV
Spread to multiple lymph nodes, deeper tissues, or distant organs (e.g., lungs)
Early detection (Stages I–II) = much better prognosis.
Treatment Options
Treatment depends on stage, location, and overall health.
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1. Surgery
Remove the tumor and some surrounding healthy tissue
May include neck dissection if lymph nodes are involved
Can affect speech, swallowing, or appearance — reconstruction often needed
2. Radiation Therapy
High-energy beams kill cancer cells
Used alone for early cancers or after surgery to eliminate remaining cells
Side effects: Dry mouth, sore throat, taste changes
3. Chemotherapy
Drugs that target fast-growing cells
Often combined with radiation (chemoradiation) for advanced cases
Side effects: Fatigue, nausea, hair loss
4. Targeted Therapy & Immunotherapy
Cetuximab (Erbitux®): Targets proteins on cancer cells
Pembrolizumab (Keytruda®): Helps immune system attack cancer
Used for recurrent or metastatic disease
